HoUinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



ISD 229 

1908 
I Copy 1 



u 



HEARINGS 

EFORE COMMITTEE ON INSULAR AFFAIRS, 
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 



FORESTRY MATTERS IN 
THE PHILIPPINES 



WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1908 



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FOKESTI^Y MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 



Committee on Insular Affairs, 

House of Kepresextatives, 

Wednesday, February 19, 1908. 
The coiniiiittee met at 10.30 a. m., Hon. Henry A. Cooper, chair- 
man, presiding. 

STATEMENT OF GEORGE P. AHERN. 

The Chairman. You are a retired officer of the United States 
Army ? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir; a major. 

The Chairman. What is your present official position under the 
United States Government? 

Major Ahern. I am director of forestry in the Philippine Islands. 

The Chairman. And have heen in that position how long? 

Major Ahern. Arrived in the islands April, 1899. 

The Chairman. Continuously? 

Major Ahern. Practically continuously; everj^ three years I have 
taken a leave of absence. 

The Chairman. And how long in charge of forestry matters in the 
Philippines.? 

Major Ahern. Practically since April, 1900, when I organized 
the bureau of forestry. 

The Chairman. Have you been thoroughly over the archipelago? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir; from one end of it to the other. 

The Chairman. Will you please go on in your own way and give 
us such facts in relation to the matter as may be important for the 
committee to know concerning the forestry service in the Philippines? 
Give us all the information that you have on the subject which you 
think might interest the committee. 

Major Ahern. The Spanish Government had a forestry bureau 
before American occupation for about thirty-five years, from 1863 
up to 1898, and had done some work. They had enacted some good 
forest hiws and I practically continued the forest hiw after 1900, 
with but few mochfications. I found that they had done but httle 
that woukl be of interest to himbermen. I got such facts and figures 
as I could from the lumbermen, and I got together a few Spaniards 
and Filipinos who had been in the former forest ser^?'ice and tried to 
do something toward binlding up a bureau of forestry. At first I 
devoted most of my time and interest to the issuing of licenses and 
the inspection of the operations of the lumbermen. lender the regu- 
lations no one can cut timber out there unless he has a license. I 
devoted my attention to matters of revenue and therefore had very 
little time for scientific investigations. 

In Spanish times the revenues from the office about equaled the 
cost of the bureau. I found that their revenues barely ])aid the 

3 



4 FOEESTRY MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 

expense of the office. During the first five years our revenues 
amounted to 2,000,000 pesos. The islands are smaller than the 
State of Montana, or something over 120,000 square miles. 

The Chairman. You are speaking of the revenues from the forests? 

Major Ahern. Yes ; from the sale of forest products, which amount- 
ed to about 2,000,000 pesos or about Sl,000,OCrO. 

Mr. McKiNLAY. Per year? 

Major Ahern. No; for five jears. The bureau costs less than 
50 per cent of the revenue. They turned over 1,000,000 pesos into 
the treasur}' during the first five j^ears. After five or six years of 
this work I cut down the stumpage charges that had been hereto- 
fore granted, so that the revenues declined from 600,000 pesos the 
previous year to 200,000 pesos last year. The stumpage charges 
in the islands ran from $1 to $5 per 1,000. Tliis timber sells in the 
market in Manila from $35 up to $175 per thousand board feet. 
In this calculation I use American money and I will speak of it in 
dollars and cents. 

We use in the Philippines from 80,000,000 feet to 100,000,000 
feet of lumber per year. One-half of this amount is native lumber. 
The other lumber comes from the United States and from Australia. 
An agent of an Australian company was in my office the other day, 
and he reminded me that he did not tliink we had much native 
lumber because they were getting so much from Australia. I told 
him the reason of that was the lumber could not walk and had to be 
transported and that we had not sufficient facilities for that pur- 
pose. As a matter of fact we have had inadequate transporta- 
tion since the American occupation. 

Two years ago I transferred a large part of the administration work 
to the bureau of internal revenue, leaving to our bureau the handling 
of the forests, and I began making investigation to find out what we 
had. The first work was started in the northern part of Negros, 
where a tract of land had been granted to the Insular Lumber Com- 
pany. They had been given the exclusive right to operate over a 
territory of 69 square miles. This section was considered to be of no 
value by the Filipinos. I found that about 90 per cent of it consti- 
tuted a good stand of timber and numbering six different species of 
trees. 

Mr. Olmsted. Ninety per cent of what? 

Major Ahern. Ninety per cent of the merchantable timber could 
be cut from six difterent species of trees, and readily marketable in 
Manila at $35 per thousand feet and up. They are allowed to cut the 
timber measuring from 20 inches in diameter up. We made an esti- 
mate of this stand of timber, and we determined that these forests 
contained timber above 20 inches in diameter to the value of about 
88,000,000 pesos or $44,000,000. The stumpage charge on this tract 
averages $1.20 a thousand. The wood is moderately hard, much of 
it is equal to the Oregon pine, which is used for construction. We 
allow only that above 20 inches in diameter to be removed. The 
value of that is $44,000,000 in gold. 

Mr. McKinlay. You speak of the price at Manila ? 

Major Ahern. Yes, the bottom price is usually $35. This is clear 
stuff, and that is brought into the Manila market. They let stand 
everything below 20 inches in diameter. Even after that size timber 



FORESTRY MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 5 

is cut the forest still looks like a \ ir^in forest. It can Ix- <;one over 
agjain in a few years. 

One mill on this tract cuts hetween lifty and sixty thousand feet 
per day and another mill of the same company ou this tract cuts 
twelve thousantl feet per day. At that rate it would take over forty 
3'ears to cut all the timber that is now mature and ready to remove. 
This area I speak of is 69 scjuare miles. 

There is another section containing about 100 square miles con- 
tainino; tini])er of about the same character. The forest officers are 
now studyino; forest tracts so as to induce some lumber companies to 
go to the Philip])ines and get out tliat timl)er. 

We make a contour map of about 100 scpiare miles or more. We 
spent from $3, 000 to -S.^.OOO in securing the data, in order to give 
logging companies information so that they could figure on it. We 
have the market prices outlined; that is, the present prices. I have 
been giving prices and information in talks to the chambers of com- 
merce in Detroit and Chicago. 

In the islands to-day we have not a single company that has had 
any previous experience in logging. This insular company of which 
I speak has a proposition that is as good as a gold mine, but it is 
managed by a promoter who has had no experience in logging, and 
in spite of his lack of experience the company is making money. 
The second company was managed by Mr. Gibson, one of the ablest 
business men in the islands to-day. He has, however, never had 
anything to do with logging in the United States. Those are the 
two leading concerns. The result is tha^ we have never had any 
people in the Philippines who have had experience before in 
fogging m this country, and therefore it has been found to be a poor 
business proposition. One of the men working under this promoter 
wdio was connected with the insular lumber company was an expe- 
rienced logger- in the Unitetl States, and he went over the proposition 
with me. But he was dissatisfied and he said that he would have to 
get out. He said he was under the orders of the promoter. I imag- 
ine that he is gone by this time. 

Mr. FoRNES. Have you a market for the lumber that you get there? 

Major Ahern. Yes, we have a market in the Philippines for 
100,000,000 feet per year. We are fortv-eight hours from Hong- 
kong, or from the Chinese coast. Shanghai took about 85,000,000 
feet of Oregon pine last year. We are about 900 miles from Shang- 
hai. They also send luiiiber to Australia from the Pacihc coast. 

Mr. McKiNLAY. What wood do they use as a substitute for the 
Oregon construction wood? 

Major Ahern. This is called lauan. 

Mr. McKiNLAY. That is suitable for construction work, bridges, etc? 

Major Ahern. Yes, we have a machine in Manila for the purpose 
of making tests. It will test up to 200,00(j pounds. 

Mr. McKiNLAY. Can you get the same size of timber as you can of 
the Oregon pine? 

Major Ahern. We can take out timber 60 inches in diameter. We 
do not let them cut any under 20 inches on the Xegros tract. 

Mr. McKiXLAY. What is the s(|uare that it will cut? 

Major Ahern. From 36 to 40 inches. 

Mr. Page. Sixty-six inches will square 45 niches. 

Major Ahern. They do not use that sized logs in the Philippmes. 



6 FORESTRY MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 

Mr. FoRNES. You get it large enough to make boats and other 
things. 

Major Ahern. Yes, I saw a boat 90 feet long and 5 feet wide made 
from one piece of wood. 

The Chairman. Explain a little more about your testing machine. 

Major Ahern. We have a large machine which is capable of test- 
ing the strength of the wood, so as to give constructors and engineers 
some idea of the relative values of the timber. We have a list of the 
tests made of American wood and we have a bulletin of the tests 
which have been made by our bureau. The principal native woods 
have been subjected to about one thousand tests so as to get a fair 
idea of their strength. The woods of lesser importance are subjected 
to 400 or 500 tests made in this way, so that we have a fair idea of 
the strength of our native woods. That has never been done before. 
The English have made some tests in India but they have never made 
them on the large scale that we have made them. 

The Chairman. What do you find as to the strength of the wood? 

Major Ahern. The lauan, which is the wood similar to the Oregon 

Sine, has proven satisfactory and we also have wood as strong as 
ickory. 

Mr. Larrinaga. What kind of a test do you give, a crushing test 
or a test to show the tensile strength? 

Major Ahern. We test both. We put in a stick wliich is 60 
inches long and 4 by 5 inches in cross section, and subject it to a 
cross-bending test. The compression test is made on blocks about 
5 inches cube. 

Mr. Larrinaga. What resistance does this show? 

Major Ahern. We have a wide range of figures on that. They 
are all given in this bulletin. 

]\Ir. Larrinaga. I was referring to that wood which compared 
with the Oregon pine. I know you have a vast number of varieties 
of wood. I refer to the wood that you use for construction in the 
Philippines. 

Major Ahern. The compression test of the lauan averaged about 
5,000 pounds per square inch. 

Mr. Larrinaga. The tensile strength was how nuicli? 

The Chairman. Mr. Larrinaga is an engineer. 

Major Ahern. I would have to look over the bulletin. 

The Chairman. You can put that in the hearing when you get a 
transcript of your notes. 

Major Ahern. The strength of the lauan runs from 7,000 to 
14,000. The test of the lauan averaged about 5,730 pounds. Another 
series of tests of this wood averaged 7,340 pounds. That contained 
about 20 per cent of moisture; the former tests were on lauan with 
35 per cent of moisture. , 

Mr. Larrinaga. What about the wood that is used for railroad 
ties? 

Major Ahern. The wood which we have used shows excellent 
results. The Dagupan railroad was built about fifteen or eighteen 
years ago. They took up some ties, and we got a specimen of one 
tie that had been down about twelve years, and it had not been 
phased in the slightest degree. They were simply changing the 
tracks, and we picked up this specimen and saved it in order to have 
it as a sample. 



FORESTRY MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 7 

Mr. Larrinaga. What arc tlio names of llic three speciiiu-iis that 
you have alhided to? 

^lajor AiiERN. Tlie names are ipil, inolave, ami yaeal. These 
three specimens are wonchM-fuUy strong. 1 have seen specimens of 
mohive which had been in a house for one hundred years, and it 
could be taken out and put in another house, and it would last another 
hundred years. 

Mr. Jones. Is it not a fact that there is an insect in the islands 
which attacks many dilTerent classes of timber? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir; that insect is called the white ant. 

Mr. Jones. It will destroy timber in quite a short time? 

^lajor Ahern. Yes; they cut rio:lit throuf^jh it. 

Mr. Jones. What class of timber is it that they attacks 

^Major Ahern. They attack the lauan. That hapjiens where the 
white ant is found in sufficient number. It happens in particular 
localities. When that happens we find that the report gets around 
very quickly that the W'Ood is being eaten through, and everybody 
knows all about it. The w^hite ant, how^ever, is only found in par- 
ticular sections. 

Mr. Page. Is the white ant found in sufficient numbers to become 
a menace? 

Major Ahern. It is a menace to the lauan in sections where it is 
found in considerable numbers. We experimented with tw^o of the 
cheaper woods for use as railroad ties, lauan and apitong. We dipped 
them in carbolinsum and placed them in the railroad yards wdiere 
they W'Cre at times under w-ater. We found that after eight months' 
use these woods had not been changed in the slightest. 

Mr. Jones. Why is it that the railroad ties being used now are 
practically all from Australia? 

^lajor Ahern. It is simply because there is no one to fill contracts. 
There is a thousand million feet increase in growth in the Philippine 
forests per year. There is no one to get it out. A com})any will say 
that it would like to have 500,000 railroad ties, but there is no one 
who is willing to undertake the contract. There is no great logging 
company wdth sufficient plant or capital to undertake a big contract. 
The result is that they have to go to Australia or to America for 
these things. 

Mr. Jones. What does this Oregon lumber cost in Manila? 

Major Ahern. The price has now gone up. It can perhaps be 
landed in Manila for S23 to $24 per thousand. I believe it sells for 
as high as S30 to S35 and $37 a thousand feet. That is used as 
building material. 

Mr. Fornes. That is 30 per cent profit? 

Mr. Ahern. It is selling for about that price. 

Mr. Fornes. Have you an3thing there that is suitable for making 
paper pulp? 

Major Ahern. Yes, we have sent some here for examination. I 
have been talking to some of the paper pulp people, and I have been 
getting the names of some houses to which I could send some samples 
for examination. We have made some fairly good paper from it. I 
am anxious to have it tested for that purpose. 

The Chairman. You say that you are not allowing them to cut any 
timber below^ 20 inches in diameter. 



8 FORESTRY MATTERS IN VHE PHILIPPINES. 

Major Ahern. Yes, on the tract in Negros the company does not 
cut below 20 inches in diameter for the purpose of affording protection 
to the other growing timber; in the islands we usually allow them 
to cut as low as 16 inches. 

The Chairman. That is for the pm-pose of preservation? 

Mr. Ahern. Yes, sir. 

The Chairman. You intend, I suppose, to carry on a scientific 
forestry service system? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. 

The Chairman. Does the timber grow rapidly? 

Major Ahern. Yes; our pine grows rapidly, attaining a diameter 
of over 12 inches in twenty years. I have made a study of that in 
the province of Benguet. It would probably take from thirty to 
forty years in the United States to grow that same size of pine. 

The Chairman. It is your idea to carr}^ out such a system as will 
always give proper timber for export and at the same time leave a 
sufficient quantity for the replenishing of the forest all the time ? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. Under our method of operation each 
cutting improves the forest. That can go on for a hundred years, 
and at the end of that time it will be more valuable than it is to-day. 
This 69,000 square miles that I speak of is public forest. 

The Chairman. Is j^our system analogous to the system employed 
in Germany? 

Major Ahern. No, sir. They have what is called pure stands of 
timber. We have as many as 500 different species on 10,000 acres. 

The Chairman. The slowness of the development is attributable 
to the want of transportation facilities? 

Major Ahern. Exactly. 

The Chairman. Wlien these railroads are built will not those facili- 
ties be a good deal improved? 

Major Ahern. The railroads are going through the part of the 
country that is not well wooded. In the sections where the railroads 
are located the timber was cut away many years ago." In the parts 
of the country where the population is heavy to the square mile you 
do not find much timber. Wherever 3^ou find much population you 
do not find much timber. There are probably in the islands 60,000 
square miles of timber. In Negros the railroads run close to a large 
area of timber, but I understand the railroad people are going to 
stop before getting to where timber can be gotten out, so that their 
transportation facilities will not avail very much. 

The Chairman. Have you made any computation as to the amount 
of timber there that could be cut, say timber over 16 inches? 

Major Ahern. Over 20 inches. We have probably half a dozen 
tracts to which we have given careful study. I have a man whom I 
have given charge of a certain territory in the Moro country. There 
is a section in the nothern part of Zamboango where we have sent a 
field party with tlie idea of getting some information as to the stand 
of timber. This man placed in charge of this examination is a grad- 
uate of Yale and is very competent for the purpose. I will find a 
report on that subject probably on nw desk when I return. 

I got a preliminary report on that subject, but I do not care to make 
it public simply because I did not believe it. I sent a large field party 
to make the examination. That party arrived on the tract last 
November, and will make a careful stud}^ of the stand of merchant- 



FORESTRY MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 9 

able timber. An engineer will make a very careful contour map, and 
when I get back I suppose I will be able to (ind a thorough report 
on the subject. 

Mr. Jones. How are you going to ship this timber'? I understand 
that the landing places are shoal. 

Major Ahern. In Xe^iros the mill is up the river about 7 miles, and 
the lorchas go alongside and load up with lumber and take it to 
Manila. 

Mr. Jones. As a matter of fact, there is no harbors. 

Major Ahern. No, sir. There is a fairly good harbor at Esca- 
lante. 

Mr. Jones. What is the depth of water at that iiarbor. 

Major Ahern. At low tide it is about 12 feet over the bar. 

The Chairman. Please point out on the map the difl'erent forest 
tracts. 

Major Ahern. In Mindoro we have about 4,000 square miles. 
Where the population is high the timber is cut away. The largest 
available forest tracts are found in Alindanao, Mindoro, and Negros. 

]\Ir. FoRNES. This would ])erhaps be more valuable in one hundred 
years. How long before it will be available for the purpose of trans- 
portation? 

Major Ahern. In a few years. Some have been cut within the 
last five years. In less than fifty years it will be ready to cut again. 

Mr. Olmsted. Is it not true that when you cut large trees, there 
is a certain amount of brush remaining, and is there not danger that 
through fire the growing timber will be destroyed ( 

Major Ahern. No, there is too much moisture. 

Mr. Olmsted. Do you have forest fires? 

Major Ahern. Yes, the forests are set afire sometimes by men. 
Men will sometimes go into the forest and cut down 15,000 to .30,000 
pesos worth of timber to clear a place large enough to raise SlOO 
worth of rice. In two or three years they will cut down more trees 
of the same value to raise another hundred dollars worth of rice. 

The Chairman. You do not permit that now? 

Major Ahern. We tr}^ to stop it. These peo])le generally work 
under the orders of a person called the principale. 

The Chairman. Point out on the map the various tracts of forest. 

Major Ahern. One is in North Zamboanga. 

Mr. Garrett. This is all public land? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. 

Mr. Garrett. They cut the timber and ])ay the Philippine gov- 
ernment. 

Major Aiiern. They pay for the tim])er as it is cut. In this 
country they pay in advance, but in that country they are so poor 
that we make them pay after the timber is cut. 

Mr. FoRNES. It is virtually a first lien? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. 

Mr. Olmsted. How far is this timber from Manila? 

Major Ahern. It is about 600 miles or more by water. Boats 
come ip there from Singaj)ore. 

The Chairman. I read in the newspapers that there has been 
establisJied a line to Zamboanga which goes to Hongkong. 

Major Ahern. Yes. 

The Chairman. What is the name of that island you have just 
pointed out on the map ? 



10 rOKESTRY MATTERS IN T^E PHILIPPINES. 

Major Ahern. That is Mindanao, which is 40,000 square miles in 
area. A large part is covered by heav}^ timber. In one part, called 
the Agusan Valley, I had a man for about four months studying 
that tract. It is a valley of more than 5,000 square miles in area 
and is one of the most fertile regions in the world. 

Mr. FoRNES. How is it as to the climate? Is it not rather warm? 

Major Ahern. Yes, but it is healthy. I have traveled in every 
quarter of the Philippines, and I have never been sick. It depends 
on the way one takes care of himself. 

The Chairman. That island is under Mohammedan rule. 

Major Ahern. A large number of the natives are Mohammedans. 

The Chairman. The inhabitants are semisavage. 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. I have a map of that island. This map 
shows the Christian, Mohammedan, and wild population. That 
part of the map in pink is Christian, the other part is the wild popu- 
lation, and this [indicating] is the Moro. Of the 7,500,000 people in 
the islands, about 7,000,000 are Christians. There are about 277,000 
Moros who are almost all Mohammedans. 

Mr. FoRNES. By Christians you mean those who have churches and 
schools. 

Major Ahern. Those that are civilized. They go to church and 
have schools. 

Mr. FoRNES. What is the condition of the people now, are they 
improving ? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir; they are improving rapidh'. The people 
are showing confidence by going into the country and taking up home- 
steads. The people of our bureau are trying to keep in touch with 
the people. We help them to select places for homesteads and to 
be independent of the principal, and to make them feel that he can 
not get their home. Their wives are also taught to feel the same way. 

Mr. Peters. Can these streams be used to get the logs down to 
the mill? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. The question of the possibilities of log- 
ging is the first thing looked into. 

Mr. Olmsted. Wliat about the labor conditions? 

Major Ahern. They get good labor. The Filipino is valuable 
as a laborer. The first line that I got on that was fi'om the J. D. 
White Co. who built an electric line in Manila. This company has 
built _in China and in other places. After he had built 40 miles of 
line in Manila the company stated that the Filipinos were fine 
laborers. They had also been used in handling the wire cable 
system of logging and I have seen Filipinos transferring 50-horse- 
power donkey engines in the woods and handling over half a mile 
of wire cable at wages run ftrom 75 cents to $1.25 per day — work that 
paid $5 to $7 per day on the Pacific coast. 

I had some little experience with the Philippine laborer myself 
in going down one of the rivers. It was a four-day trip. I would 
start quite early in the morning, at daybreak, and had my breakfast 
at about 4.30. I would ask the Filipino workmen who had to draw 
my boat to have breakfast, but they declined to dine so early. At 
about 8 o'clock I again asked them to pull ashore and cook some 
rice and have breakfast, but they still declined. They rowed my 
boat for, seven hours in the blazing sun without anything to eat. 
That would have killed a white man. I was always ready to give them 
something to eat, but they preferred to go on with the journey. 



FORESTRY MATTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 11 

The Chairman. There was some coniplamt that the Filipinos 
were uncertain hiborers. Was not that attributable a great deal to 
the fact that they did not get their pay regularly? 

Major Ahern. Yes, sh; but the Filipino cares very little for 
money. 

The Chairman. But when he earns it he wants to be sure he is 
going to get it. When working for an American he gets it. 

Major Ahern. When a Filipino is working for you and you do 
something he does not like, he will get up and walk off and never ask 
for his money. If you have a Chinaman working for you, he will stay 
around until he gets his money. Some people do not pay the Chinese 
until four or five days after the end of the month because otherwise 
they might walk away and leave the job. 

Ml'. Page. That has been our experience and practice in the South 
with the negro laborer. 

Major Ahern. The Filippino does not care for money. He gets 
wages runnmg from 50 cents to $1.25 when he is working in the 
lumber yard and m the woods, m the sugar haciendo. Another man 
alongside will get 12^ cents. They get all kinds of wages. 

The Chairman. What do you consider the most valuable kind of 
lumber in the islands? 

Major Ahern. The most valuable is the molave, which is the con- 
struction timber. 

The Chairman, You have a hard, yellow timber there? 

Major Ahern. Yes, that is the yacal. 

Mr. Larrinaga. You have a wood there that is as hard as stone? 

Major. Ahern. Yes, sir. 

Mr. Larrinaga. What is the name of that wood? They make 
spearheads and handles for implements with it. 

Major Ahern. The palnia brava is used for spear handles and for 
bows. That is found all over the islands. We have woods like 
ebony, known as Camagen ami bolongeta; they take a fme finish. 
I went into a place in iMew York where they were using this class of 
wood for the purpose of making brush handles, bases for inkstands, 
and things of that sort. They were getting this wood at a liigh ])rice 
from Central and South America, and 1 told them that I had found 
them using that in the Philippines for making corduroy roads. 

Mr. Olmsted. What is the cost of transporting this Oregon wood 
when delivered in Manila ? 

Major Ahern. It is $10 to $14 per thousand. 

Mr. Olmsted. Is there any market for very much of this valuable 
Philippine wood ^ 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir; there is a market for it in China and in the 
Philippine Islands, and also in Australia, as a matter of fact. The 
American market would take the high grade cabinet wood. A good 
many kinds of native wood could be used for veneering and for mak- 
ing tool handles. 

Mr. FoRNES. It could be brought to America and be sold at a 
profit. 

Major Ahern. Yes, sir. 

At this point the committee adjourned until t(j-moiTow. Thursday, 
February 20, 1908. 



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